MEILENG汽車配件質量怎麼樣

① 拼讀詩句,用漢字寫出後半句2hengmeilengiqianfu

俯首甘為孺子牛

② 高分求助3000字左右關於逆向物流的中英文對照文獻

逆向物流為何在中國企業遭冷遇
近幾年來，基於可持續發展的逆向物流引起了國內外專家學者的普遍關注，並對其進行了系統而深入的研究，同時國外一些著名公司已開始逐步實施逆向物流管理。然而在國內，反映綠色和生態思想的逆向物流還未引起人們的足夠重視，也鮮有企業著手開展逆向物流活動，這不能不引起我們的憂思。
透視逆向物流
我們通常所說的物流一般是指「正向物流」，但一個完整的供應鏈除了包括正向物流之外，還應包括逆向物流。「逆向物流」最早是由Stock在1992年給美國物流管理協會（CLM）的一份研究報告中提出，之後許多研究機構和學者從不同角度對逆向物流進行了不同的詮釋。
正向物流是貨物從生產到消費的實際方向上的物流，與供應鏈的運作方向一致；而逆向物流則與之相反，它是以市場和顧客為導向，以信息技術為基礎，通過渠道成員將物資從消費點返回到原產地的過程，包括退貨、不合格品退回、維修與再製造、物料替代、物品循環利用、廢棄物回收處理等流程，從而使這些物資重新獲得價值並得到正確處置。
從微觀上看，逆向物流具有提高顧客價值、增強競爭優勢、降低物料成本、增加企業效益、改善環境行為、塑造企業形象等顯性和隱性作用；從宏觀上看，逆向物流有利於社會資源的合理流動、節約資源、改善環境和經濟的可持續發展等。因此，實施「逆向物流」順應了時代發展的要求。
逆向物流順潮流而動
邁入21世紀，人類將面臨人口膨脹、資源短缺、環境惡化等重大危機，而作為大量消耗能源、原材料，產生許多廢棄物的物流業，必然會在發展中遭遇很強的環境制約，因此，「走循環經濟道路」將成為物流業承諾和追求的主要目標。這在客觀上把逆向物流從黑暗的後台推向了炫目的聚光燈下。
同時，在經濟一體化的背景下，企業之間的競爭已不再是公司與公司之間的競爭，而是整體供應鏈之間的競爭，所以企業除了考慮自身的利益外，更需要考慮整體供應鏈的競爭力和利益，這就要求企業必需建立一個新的運作模式——供應鏈體系。為了優化供應鏈體系、提升整體供應鏈的競爭力，我們不但要重視正向物流運作，而且要搞好逆向物流運作。
隨著人們環保意識的增強，政府環境立法的加快和法規約束力度的加大，逆向物流正在被社會各界越來越多的人士所認識和重視。而基於人口、資源、環境和諧發展的要求和提升企業競爭優勢的目標（如藍帶啤酒通過開展啤酒瓶回收，成本可降低20%－40%），逆向物流必將成為企業運營中的重要一環。
目前，一些國際知名企業，如通用汽車、IBM、惠普、西門子、飛利浦、西爾斯等已先行一步進入逆向物流領域，產生了良好的經濟效益和社會影響。然而在中國，逆向物流仍然未能引起企業界的普遍重視，絕大多數企業也都對逆向物流退避三舍。
中國企業緣何冷落逆向物流
對大多數中國企業來講，在正向物流系統中創造並持續應用最佳業務實踐已經是非常艱巨的任務了。因此毫不奇怪，沒有幾家企業願意全心全意地應對逆向物流的挑戰。那麼，是什麼原因導致中國企業對逆向物流「橫眉冷對」的呢？
(1)對逆向物流的認識存在誤區。從形成因素來看，逆向物流一般是由對不滿意產品的退貨，不合格材料和殘次品的退（召）回，包裝品的循環復用，廢棄物的處理，有害物品的回收等引起的。因此，大多數企業認為逆向物流是負面的，把其看作是一件麻煩事，既勞民又傷財，而且成功幾率也比較小，導致企業對逆向物流「三緘其口」。
(2)企業高層的重視不夠。通常企業都樂於在正向物流上投入資金、下大功夫，相比之下，高層領導對逆向物流普遍不夠重視，並將其排除在企業經營戰略之外。一項針對物流經理的調查顯示，40%的人認為導致逆向物流失敗的首要因素是管理階層覺得其相對不重要；35%的人認為是缺乏相關政策和處理系統；其餘的則認為是疏忽管理和缺乏人力資源。
(3)對逆向物流的操作存在困難。正向物流通常是在人們的計劃和掌控之下，基本按照規定的時間和數量從某一點流出，終止於另一點；何時出發、數量多少、從哪裡出發、流往何處基本上是已知的和可控的。而對逆向物流，其產生的地點、時間和數量幾乎無法預料，人們難以掌控。
(4)缺乏相應的技術和管理手段作支撐。正向物流的處理方法一般比較規范，而逆向物流的處理系統與方式則復雜多樣，不同的處理手段對恢復資源價值的貢獻差異顯著。一般的物流管理信息系統都具有對正向物流的管理功能，但是卻鮮有對逆向物流的處理與管理功能。
(5)企業綜合素質差。運作逆向物流對企業的生產能力、物流技術、人員素質、管理水平、組織結構等方面的要求非常高，並且需要投入大量的人力、物力、財力，使得企業對逆向物流的成本控制、經濟效益以及成功幾率等持懷疑態度。因此，大多數企業對開展逆向物流比較消極。
另外，逆向物流業務是由供應鏈上各個企業共同運作的，因而企業開展逆向物流需要與供應鏈上其他企業充分合作、協商，並結合整個供應鏈的業務能力集體做出決策，這對缺乏合作精神和供應鏈整合能力比較差的中國企業而言是一個不小的挑戰。
讓逆向物流在中國不再沉默
當我們還在為擠干正向物流中的水分而費盡心機之時，一些世界著名的大製造商已經開始向逆向物流要效益了。在經濟全球化的今天，當供應鏈管理時代向我們走來的時候，中國作為世界製造業中心和全球供應鏈的源頭，豈能坐失逆向物流孕育的無限商機？誠如零售巨頭西爾斯公司的物流副總裁所言：「逆向物流也許是企業在降低成本中的最後一塊處女地了」。
當前，中國每年因退貨、過量生產、不合格品退回、報廢和損壞等產生的損失正在以驚人的速度增長，因此開展逆向物流對資源相對貧乏、遭遇巨大的資源和環境制約的中國而言，前景誘人。然而，真正嘗到逆向物流之甘甜的中國企業卻不多見，在此情況下，如何讓逆向物流不再沉默，成為我們思索的主題。
(1)學習逆向物流知識，樹立現代逆向物流理念。目前，多數中國企業對逆向物流的認識還不夠全面，也沒有認識到逆向物流潛在的經濟價值。在以顧客為導向和綠色主義盛行的市場環境下，企業建立退貨、缺陷產品退回或召回、物料循環利用、報廢品和有害品回收處理等逆向物流系統，是提高顧客忠誠度、促進技術創新的來源之一，對企業節約資源、降低成本、塑造環保形象、增強顯性和隱性競爭優勢等具有積極意義。所以，必須通過系統學習逆向物流知識，使企業樹立正確的逆向物流思想，同時提高逆向物流業務水平。
(2)加大政府環境立法進程和環保執法力度。在工業化世界中，政府的環境立法迫使企業對其所製造產品的整個生命周期負責。目前，在美國，日本、西歐等發達國家大都出台了關於殘次品的退回、包裝材料的循環利用、廢棄物的回收處理等法案，這在很大程度上推動了企業逆向物流的開展。而在中國，立法滯後、執法不嚴是導致逆向物流遭冷遇的主要原因之一。
(3)重視逆向物流通道建設，提高供應鏈整合能力。一個完整的逆向物流流程是由消費者或其他逆向物流源，通過零售商、批發商、配送中心、生產商和供應商幾個節點逐級回溯的過程。由於逆向物流需求量和流程長度的不確定性，我們必須重視逆向物流通道的建設和選擇問題，這對合理減少逆向物流量，縮短逆向物流在途時間和流程，為其他渠道成員節約資源、降低成本具有重要影響。因此，要加強企業對供應鏈上的渠道成員的整合能力。
(4)促進企業物流的管理創新和技術進步。鑒於逆向物流的復雜性和不確定性，實現逆向物流運作的規范化，企業必須有先進的信息技術和運營管理系統作支持，採取一系列計劃控制手段和措施，以提高資源利用效率和投資回報率。比如，建立具有逆向物流管理功能的新型物流管理信息系統和業務運營模式；制定逆向物流成本管理的會計制度，解決成本可視性問題；實施業務流程再造等。
(5)引入第三方逆向物流管理。一般來說，第三方物流公司在專業技術、綜合管理和信息等方面具有顯著優勢，通過把逆向物流業務外包給第三方企業，實現專業分工、提高運作效率。據悉，國際物流巨頭如UPS、聯邦快遞等已經進入逆向物流服務領域，第三方逆向物流將成為逆向物流發展的趨勢。
另外，我們要重視和發揮工業同盟或行業協會在管理逆向物流中的獨特作用，加強這些組織對企業實施逆向物流的管理和引導，將類似的很多企業整合起來共同面對逆向物流的挑戰。
In recent years, based on the sustainable development of reverse logistics experts and scholars at home and abroad has aroused widespread attention, and its system and in-depth research, while some well-known foreign companies have begun to graally implement reverse logistics management. But at home, reflecting the green and ecological thinking of the reverse logistics have not yet cause for adequate attention, few companies have embarked on reverse logistics activities, which can not but arouse our Yousi.
Perspective reverse logistics
We usually say the logistics generally refers to "forward logistics," but a complete supply chain logistics in addition to including the forward, should also include reverse logistics. "Reverse logistics" is the earliest in 1992 by the Stock to the United States Association of Logistics Management (CLM) in a research report that after many research institutions and scholars from different angles on the reverse logistics for a different interpretation.
Logistics is positive goods from proction to consumption of the actual direction of logistics, supply chain and the operation of the same direction, and reverse logistics, by contrast, it is the market and customer-oriented, with information technology as the foundation, through the channel members Consumer goods will return to the point of origin of the process, including returns, failed to return goods, maintenance and re-manufacturing, material substitution, use of recycled materials, waste recycling, and other processes, so that these materials be re-value and Proper disposal.
From the micro perspective, a reverse logistics improve customer value and enhance competitive advantage, rece material costs and increase enterprise efficiency, improve the environment, shape their images, and other overt and hidden role from the macro perspective, reverse logistics is concive to social The rational flow of resources, conservation of resources, improve the environment and the sustainable economic development. Therefore, the implementation of "reverse logistics" in line with the development of the times.
Reverse Logistics-trend and
Entered the 21st century, mankind will face a population explosion, resource shortages and environmental deterioration, and other major crises, and as a large consumption of energy, raw materials, waste generated many of the logistics instry will inevitably encountered in the development of strong environmental constraints, therefore, "Walk the road of economic cycle" will become the logistics instry commitment and the pursuit of key targets. This objective of the reverse logistics from a dark background to a dazzling spotlight.
At the same time, in the context of economic integration, competition among enterprises is no longer the company and the competition between the companies, but the overall competition between the supply chain, enterprises, apart from considering their own interests, but also need to consider the overall supply Chain and the competitiveness of interest requires that enterprises must establish a new mode of operation - the supply chain system. In order to optimize the supply chain system, improve the overall supply chain competitiveness, we must not only be positive attention to the logistics operation, but also to do a good job in reverse logistics operation.
With the enhancement of environmental awareness among the people, the Government's environmental legislation and regulations to speed up the efforts to increase the binding, reverse logistics community is being more and more people are understanding and attention. And based on population, resources, environment and harmonious development of the enterprises enhance the competitive advantage goals (such as Blue Ribbon beer bottles of beer, through recycling, the cost can be reced by 20% -40%), reverse logistics enterprises will surely become a key operator in Central.
At present, some internationally famous companies such as General Motors, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Siemens, Philips, Sears, etc., have entered the first step in the field of reverse logistics, proce good economic returns and social impact. However, in China, the reverse logistics business has not been caused widespread attention, the vast majority of enterprises are also on the reverse logistics Tuibisanshe.
Why cold-shouldered Chinese enterprises reverse logistics
Speaking for the majority of Chinese enterprises in the logistics system to create positive and sustained application of Best Practices is a very arous task. Not surprising, therefore, not a few companies are willing to wholeheartedly respond to the challenges of reverse logistics. So, what are the reasons for Chinese enterprises to reverse logistics "Hengmeilengi"? »
(1) awareness of the existence of reverse logistics errors. From the formation of factors, reverse logistics in general is not satisfied with the procts of the return, Canci substandard materials and goods retreat (response) back, the cycle of packaging materials reuse, waste disposal, the recycling of hazardous materials Caused. Therefore, the majority of enterprises believe that the reverse logistics is negative, as one of their troubles, both the people and injured money, but also relatively small chance of success, resulting in business-to-reverse logistics "to remain silent."
(2) paid insufficient attention to the high-level enterprises. Often companies are happy to invest in the forward logistics funds, under great efforts, compared with the leaders of the general lack of attention to reverse logistics, and out of the business strategy beyond. A logistics manager for the survey, 40 percent of the people that led to the failure of reverse logistics management of the primary factor is that its relatively unimportant; 35 percent of people think that is the lack of relevant policies and treatment systems; rest are considered to be negligent management And the lack of human resources.
(3) the operation of the reverse logistics difficulties. Logistics is usually positive people in the planning and control, in accordance with the basic requirements of the time and the number of outflow from a certain point, another point in the termination; when starting, of the numbers, starting from where, where the flow is basically known to And controllable. And the reverse logistics, the location, time and the number is almost impossible to expect it difficult to control.
(4) the lack of appropriate technologies and management tools and support. Positive ways of handling the logistics generally norms, and reverse logistics system and way of dealing with the complicated and diverse, different treatment methods to restore the value of the contribution of resources significantly. General logistics management information systems have to forward logistics management capabilities, but seldom on the treatment and reverse logistics management capabilities.
(5) poor overall quality of enterprises. Reverse logistics operation of the proction capacity of enterprises, logistics, personnel quality, management, organizational structure and other aspects of the request is very high, and requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to make business-to-reverse logistics cost control, cost-effective and Success probability, and other skeptical. Therefore, the majority of enterprises to carry out reverse logistics relatively negative.
In addition, the reverse logistics supply chain operations by the various co-operation of enterprises, thus enterprises need to reverse logistics and supply chain of other enterprises to cooperate fully, in consultation with the whole supply chain and the operational capacity of collective decision-making, the lack of cooperation Spirit and supply chain integration relatively poor ability of the Chinese enterprises is a big challenge.
Let reverse logistics in China is no longer silent
When we are Jigan positive for the logistics of water and Feijinxinji the time, some of the world famous big manufacturers have begun to reverse logistics to the benefits. In the economic globalization today, when the supply chain management to the era before us the time, China as a world manufacturing centre and the source of the global supply chain, how can we miss the reverse logistics孕育unlimited business opportunities » Just as retail giant Sears, vice president of the logistics company said: "reverse logistics enterprises may be in lower costs in the last piece of virgin land."
At present, China in each of the returns, excessive proction, failed to return goods, such as abandoned and damaged the loss is growing at an alarming rate, to reverse logistics for the relative lack of resources, experience tremendous resources and environmental constraints of China, Enticing prospect. However, the real taste of the sweet reverse logistics enterprises in China are rare, in this case, how to reverse logistics is no longer silent, we become the subject of reflection.
(1) study and reverse logistics knowledge, establish a modern concept of reverse logistics. At present, most Chinese enterprises to reverse logistics understanding also is not comprehensive enough, and no understanding of reverse logistics to the potential economic value. In customer-oriented and green of the prevailing market environment, the establishment of return, refund or recall defective procts, the use of recycled materials, goods and scrap recycling of hazardous materials, such as reverse logistics system is to improve customer loyalty and promote One of the sources of technological innovation, enterprise resource conservation, rece costs, create environmental image and enhance the dominant and recessive competitive advantage, and so is of positive significance. Therefore, we must reverse logistics through a systematic study of knowledge to enable enterprises to establish a correct ideological and reverse logistics, while increasing the level of reverse logistics business.
(2) Increase the process of environmental legislation and environmental law enforcement. In the instrialized world, the Government's environmental legislation by forcing companies to manufacture procts in charge of the entire life cycle. At present, the United States, Japan and most Western European and other developed countries issued a refund on Canci goods, packaging materials recycling, waste recycling, and other bills, largely promoted the development of reverse logistics enterprises. In China, legislation lagged behind, leading to lax enforcement reverse logistics Zaoleng Yu is one of the main reasons.
(3) to reverse logistics channel construction, improve supply chain integration. A complete reverse logistics process by consumers or other source of reverse logistics, through retailers, wholesalers, distribution centers, manufacturers and suppliers several nodes back step by step process. As demand for reverse logistics and the flow length of the uncertainty, we must reverse logistics channel to the construction and selection, which is a reasonable rection of reverse logistics, reverse logistics rece the time and passers-by in the process, as members of other channels to save resources, rece costs Has an important influence. Therefore, in order to strengthen business-to-supply chain on the ability to integrate members of the channel.
(4) promotion of business logistics management innovation and technological progress. Given the complexity of the reverse logistics and uncertainties, and reverse logistics operation of the standardized, enterprises must have advanced information technology and operations management system to support, adopt a series of plans and control methods and measures to improve the efficiency of resource use and return on investment . For example, the establishment of a reverse logistics management capabilities of the new logistics management information systems and operations model developed reverse logistics cost management accounting systems, cost visibility to solve the problem, such as the implementation of business process reengineering.
(5) the introction of third-party reverse logistics management. In general, third-party logistics companies in the professional and technical, management and information has a significant advantage, through to reverse logistics outsourcing to a third party business, and professional division of labor, improve operational efficiency. It is learnt that the international logistics giants such as UPS, Federal Express, and so has entered the field of reverse logistics services, reverse logistics will become the third-party logistics reverse the trend of development.
In addition, we must attach importance to and play instrial union or trade association in the management of reverse logistics in the unique role to strengthen these organizations on the implementation of reverse logistics business management and guidance, many enterprises will be similar to the integration of common reverse logistics challenges.

③ 橫眉冷對千夫指，俯首甘為孺子牛． 如何用英文翻譯！！！

作品內容
自嘲
Self-ridiculing
運交華蓋欲何求？未敢翻身已碰頭。
Transports hands over the canopy to want He Qiu? Has not dared to stand up from failure has met.
破帽遮顏過鬧市，漏船載酒泛中流。
The armor-piercing cap obstructs the face bustling streets, leaks the ship to carry the liquor to exude the average.
橫眉冷對千夫指，俯首甘為孺子牛。
Opposes nonchalantly the multitude of people to refer, bows the head Gansu is the person who is willing to serve the people whole-heartedly.
躲進小樓成一統，管他冬夏與春秋。
Hides in young Lou to become a series, manages his winter summer and Spring and Autumn Period.